Cosmos Times:Anthropology

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Comparison of Modern Human and Neanderthal skulls from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History

Indigenous Australians most ancient civilisation on Earth, extensive DNA study confirms — Sept 22,2016

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Approximately 72,000 years ago Aboriginal Australians and Papuans met and interbred with an unknown race of humans. These earliest known humans went on to populate an area of Southwestern Australia with descendants carrying a unique set of genes. This most ancient race of people remained isolated from the rest of mankind until the 19th century and to this day embodies a 50,000 year old culture.

Actually the giant heads of Easter Island, do have bodies, but landslides have covered them up — June 25, 2016

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Hundreds of finely carved statues found across Easter Island bear mute witness to the collapse of Polynesia’s most advanced megalithic culture. Moai are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island in eastern Polynesia between the years 1250 and 1500 CE. Each statue represents the head of the original families who settled there.

Like most South American natives the Rapa Nui people were adversely affected by the arrival of western civilization. The population was devastated by the slave trade that began at the island in 1862. Within only a time span of one year the individuals that remained on the island were sick, injured, and lacking leadership.

Ancestors of Modern Humans Interbred With Extinct Hominins, Study Finds — March 17, 2016

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The ancestors of modern humans interbred with Neanderthals and another extinct line of humans known as the Denisovans at least four times in the course of prehistory, according to an analysis of global genomes published Thursday in the journal Science. The new study expands on a series of findings in recent years showing that the ancestors of modern humans once shared the planet with a surprising number of near relatives — lineages like the Neanderthals and Denisovans that became extinct tens of thousands of years ago and interbred with them on occasion.

Ancient DNA reveals who is in Spain’s ‘pit of bones’ cave — March 14, 2016

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Neandertals hung out in what’s now northern Spain around 430,000 years ago, an analysis of ancient DNA suggests. That’s an earlier Neandertal presence in Europe, by at least 30,000 years, than many researchers had assumed. Fragments of nuclear DNA from a tooth and partial leg bone discovered at Sima de los Huesos, a chamber deep inside a Spanish cave, resemble corresponding parts of a previously reassembled Neandertal genome, researchers say in a study published online March 14 in Nature.

Humans mated with Neandertals much earlier and more frequently than thought — Feb 17, 2016

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Members of our species had sex with Neandertals much earlier—and more often—than previously believed, according to a new study of ancient DNA. As some of the first bands of modern humans moved out of Africa, they met and mated with Neandertals about 100,000 years ago—perhaps in the fertile Nile Valley, along the coastal hills of the Middle East, or in the once-verdant Arabian Peninsula. This pushes back the earliest encounter between the two groups by tens of thousands of years and suggests that our ancestors were shaped in significant ways by swapping genes with other types of humans.

Mystery 'hobbits' not humans like us: study — Feb 15, 2016

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Diminutive humans that died out on an Indonesian island some 15,000 years ago were not Homo sapiens but a different species, according to a study published Monday that dives into a fierce anthropological debate. Fossils of Homo floresiensis—dubbed "the hobbits" due to their tiny stature—were discovered on the island of Flores in 2003. Controversy has raged ever since as to whether they are an unknown branch of early humans or specimens of modern man deformed by disease. The new study, based on an analysis of the skull bones, shows once and for all that the pint-sized people were not Homo sapiens, according to the researchers.

Ancient DNA shows earliest Europeans survived the Ice Age — Nov 6, 2014

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A ground-breaking new study on DNA recovered from a fossil of one of the earliest known Europeans - a man who lived 36,000 years ago in Kostenki, western Russia - has shown that the earliest European humans' genetic ancestry survived the Last Glacial Maximum: the peak point of the last ice age. The study also uncovers a more accurate timescale for when humans and Neanderthals interbred, and finds evidence for an early contact between the European hunter-gatherers and those in the Middle East – who would later develop agriculture and disperse into Europe about 8,000 years ago, transforming the European gene pool.

Man’s Genome From 45,000 Years Ago Is Reconstructed — Oct 22, 2014

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Scientists have reconstructed the genome of a man who lived 45,000 years ago, by far the oldest genetic record ever obtained from modern humans. The research, published on Wednesday in the journal Nature, provided new clues to the expansion of modern humans from Africa about 60,000 years ago, when they moved into Europe and Asia.

New evidence proves Native Americans crossed over from Asia — May 15, 2014

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The ancient remains of a teenage girl found in an underwater Mexican cave have established a definitive link between the earliest Americans and modern Native Americans. An international team of researchers discovered the remains of the girl called Naia, estimated to be between 12,000 and 13,000-years-old, in a pit called Hoyo Nego, meaning "black hole" in Spanish. The skeleton was found in an underwater cave on the Yucatán peninsula.

12,000 year old bones found in Montana show ancestral links to Europe — Feb 20, 2014

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Despite general resistence, representatives of tribes in the US recently gave their blessing for DNA analysis of the remains of a Stone Age child. Research conducted on the boy's genes indicate that Native Americans have European roots.

Light skin in Europeans originated in one person 10,000 years ago — Jan 16, 2014

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Light skin in Europeans stems from a gene mutation from a single person who lived 10,000 years ago. This is according to a new U.S. study that claims the colour is due to an ancient ancestor who lived somewhere between the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. Scientists made the discovery after identifying a key gene that contributes to lighter skin colour in Europeans.

Who was Paranthropus Boisei? — Jan 16, 2014

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An ancient human ancestor known as ‘Nutcracker Man’ lived mainly on a diet of tiger nuts, worms and grasshoppers, according to research. Scientists believe this diet explains why the ancient hominin relative, called Paranthropus boisei, which lived in East Africa between 2.4 and 1.4 million years ago, had such distinctively powerful jaws and large, flat molar teeth. There have been various theories put forward over the years about the diet of our early ancestors, but this latest study from Oxford University claims to have finally settled the debate.

Neanderthal Woman's Genome Reveals Unknown Human Lineage — Dec 18, 2013

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Although modern humans are the world's only surviving human lineage, others also once lived on Earth. These included Neanderthals, the closest extinct relatives of modern humans, and the relatively newfound Denisovans, whose genetic footprint apparently extended from Siberia to the Pacific islands of Oceania. Both Neanderthals and Denisovans descended from a group that diverged from the ancestors of all modern humans.

The Case of the Missing Ancestor — July 2013

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DNA from a cave in Russia adds a mysterious new member to the human family. This article recounts the events that lead up to the discovery of an entirely unknown human species now named "Denisovians" after the location of the find.